تخفيض على السيارات في معرض وهران
.jpg)
مناصب مالية جديدة بالمؤسسة العمومية للصحة الجوارية بالجلفة
.jpg)
best secured loans
best secured loans
Article
any businesses post collateral as security for
loans. Collateral protects the lender if the
borrower defaults. However, not all borrowers
put up collateral when taking out loans.
There’s even some evidence that loans with collateral
attached may be riskier for lenders. Why is collateral
used sometimes, but not others? And why does collateral
potentially involve more risk? In this article, Yaron
Leitner considers these questions. He looks at some of the
explanations for using collateral, focusing on its benefits
and drawbacks.
finance their investments.
Understanding collateral is important because it is a characteristic
feature of bank loans, which help to
channel resources to their best use.
1
While early research focused mainly
on how collateral affects the borrower’s
behavior, recent research has also
incorporated lenders’ behavior, for
example, how collateral affects lenders’
incentives to take care in evaluating
a business’s prospects. Economists
have also examined the relationship
between collateral and risk, empirically
verifying bankers’ common wisdom
that collateralized loans are riskier
for the bank than noncollateralized
loans. To a significant extent, recent
theoretical work on collateral has been
driven by economists’ desire to provide
explanations for the use of collateral
that are consistent with this empirical
finding among others.
COLLATERAL AND
BORROWERS’ INCENTIVES
We start by focusing on the way
collateral affects a borrower’s incentives to ensure the business’s success.
Consider a loan contract where an
individual borrows some money to
start a new business. The success of
the business often depends on actions
the borrower takes after the loan is
signed, for example, the way he allo
ichael Manove, Jorge Padilla, and Marco
Pagano’s model illustrates what economists call the screening role of collateral.
In their model, collateral helps the bank
distinguish between firms that are likely
to have positive net present value (NPV)
projects and firms that are likely to have negative NPV
projects.
Suppose there are two types of firms: firms with high
operating costs and firms with low operating costs. When
a firm applies for a loan, it knows its operating cost, so it
has an idea of whether its project is likely to be successful
and have a positive NPV. But since there are other factors
affecting the project’s success, the firm cannot know for
sure. The bank can find out whether the firm has high
costs or low costs as well as other information about the
firm’s project, but only after some investigation. Before
the bank investigates, all firms look identical to the bank.
To recoup the cost of evaluation the bank must
charge some fee. To make sure it puts the appropriate
amount of effort into evaluating the loan, the bank charges only those firms whose loans are approved. Otherwise,
the bank can make money by charging a fee without doing an evaluation and then rejecting all applicants.
aIn
turn, firms whose loans are approved end up subsidizing
the firms whose loans are not approved. But since the
low-cost firms are the ones whose loans are more likely to
a
In the real world a bank that acted this way would develop a bad reputation and lose loan applicants. The reader should interpret the story in the
model as a stark version of the real-world problem that if all applicants are charged a fee upfront, the bank will have an incentive to exert too little
effort in monitoring.
b
Economists refer to this scenario, where one firm distinguishes itself from another firm, as a separating equilibrium. Note that if separation works,
the firm can avoid investigation by posting less collateral than in the case where all firms behave the same. Since the bank concludes that a firm
that posts collateral has low cost, further investigation is not likely to change the bank’s decision.
Helmut Bester first introduced the idea that a borrower who thinks his project is likely to succeed prefers to pledge more collateral than a borrower was thinks his project is likely to fail. One of the problems with this type of model is that the “inherently good” borrowers (for example, those
with low cost) are the ones who post more collateral. This seems inconsistent with the empirical evidence and with the common wisdom in the
banking industry.
be approved, they know they are the ones subsidizing the
high-cost firms.
To avoid this, low-cost firms may try to distinguish
themselves from high-cost ones by offering to post collateral. An economist would say that the low-cost firm is
using collateral to signalits information to the bank. Posting collateral is costly to the firm because the firm loses it
if its project fails. However, since the firm’s costs are low,
it knows the project is very likely to succeed and the risk
of losing collateral is not large.
However, low-cost firms can signal their information
using collateral only if high-cost firms find it unprofitable
to mimic low-cost firms by posting collateral, too. This is
the case if the high- and low-cost firms differ enough. For
a high-cost firm, the cost of putting up collateral is much
higher than for a low-cost firm because the firm knows it
is more likely to default. The result is that low-cost firms
post collateral and high-cost firms do not.
The bank can then distinguish between the two
firms. If a firm is willing to post collateral, the bank concludes that the firm has low costs and approves the firm’s
project without an evaluation; in this case, a careful evaluation is not likely to change the bank’s decision. If a firm
is not willing to post collateral, the bank concludes the
firm has high costs and evaluates the project; in this case,
the bank’s evaluation may indicate that the firm’s project
has a positive NPV, even though the firm has high costs.b
Foreign direct investment
Definitions
Broadly, foreign direct investment includes "mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intra company loans".[1] In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facilities. The numerical FDI figures based on varied definitions are not easily comparable.
As a part of the national accounts of a country, and in regard to the GDP equation Y=C+I+G+(X-M)[Consumption + gross Investment + Government spending +(eXports - iMports], where I is domestic investment plus foreign investment, FDI is defined as the net inflows of investment (inflow minus outflow) to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.[2] FDI is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. Stock of FDI is the net (i.e. Inward FDI minus Outward FDI) cumulative FDI for any given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[3] FDI is one example of international factor movements
best secured loans
Types
- Horizontal FDI arises when a firm duplicates its home country-based activities at the same value chain stage in a host country through FDI.[4]
- Platform FDI Foreign direct investment from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country.
- Vertical FDI takes place when a firm through FDI moves upstream or downstream in different value chains i.e., when firms perform value-adding activities stage by stage in a vertical fashion in a host country.[4]
Methods
The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:
- by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere
- by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
- through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
- participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise[5]
Forms of FDI incentives
Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:]
- low corporate tax and individual income tax rates
- tax holidays
- other types of tax concessions
- preferential tariffs
- special economic zones
- EPZ – Export Processing Zones
- Bonded warehouses
- Maquiladoras
- investment financial subsidies
- soft loan or loan guarantees
- free land or land subsidies
- relocation & expatriation
- infrastructure subsidies
- R&D support
- derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)
Governmental Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) use various marketing strategies inspired by the private sector to try and attract inward FDI, including Diaspora marketing.
- by excluding the internal investment to get a profited downstream.
best secured loans
Importance and barriers to FDI
The rapid growth of world population since 1950 has occurred mostly in developing countries.[citation needed] This growth has been matched by more rapid increases in gross domestic product, and thus income per capita has increased in most countries around the world since 1950. While the quality of the data from 1950 may be of question, taking the average across a range of estimates confirms this. Only war-torn and countries with other serious external problems, such as Haiti, Somalia, and Niger have not registered substantial increases in GDP per capita. The data available to confirm this are freely available.[6]
An increase in FDI may be associated with improved economic growth due to the influx of capital and increased tax revenues for the host country. Host countries often try to channel FDI investment into new infrastructure and other projects to boost development. Greater competition from new companies can lead to productivity gains and greater efficiency in the host country and it has been suggested that the application of a foreign entity’s policies to a domestic subsidiary may improve corporate governance standards. Furthermore, foreign investment can result in the transfer of soft skills through training and job creation, the availability of more advanced technology for the domestic market and access to research and development resources.[7] The local population may be able to benefit from the employment opportunities created by new businesses.[8]
Developing world
A 2010 meta-analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment on local firms in developing and transition countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth. [9] The Commitment to Development Indexranks the "development-friendliness" of rich country investment policies.
China
FDI in China, also known as RFDI (renminbi foreign direct investment), has increased considerably in the last decade, reaching $59.1 billion in the first six months of 2012, making China the largest recipient of foreign direct investment and topping the United States which had $57.4 billion of FDI.[10] In 2013 the FDI flow into China was $64.1 billion, resulting in a 34.7% market share of FDI into the Asia-Pacific region. By contrast, FDI out of China in 2013 was $18.97 billion, 10.7% of the Asia-Pacific share.[11]
During the global financial crisis FDI fell by over one-third in 2009 but rebounded in 2010.[12]
India[edit]
Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), driven by then finance minister Manmohan Singh. As Singh subsequently became the prime minister, this has been one of his top political problems, even in the current times.[13][14] India disallowed overseas corporate bodies (OCB) to invest in India.[15] India imposes cap on equity holding by foreign investors in various sectors, current FDI in aviation and insurance sectors is limited to a maximum of 49%.[16][17]
Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990, a 2012 UNCTAD survey projected India as the second most important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 2010–2012. As per the data, the sectors that attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware. Mauritius, Singapore, US and UK were among the leading sources of FDI. Based on UNCTAD data FDI flows were $10.4 billion, a drop of 43% from the first half of the last year.[1]
United States
Broadly speaking, the U.S. has a fundamentally 'open economy' and low barriers to foreign direct investment.[18]
U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010. 84% of FDI in the U.S. in 2010 came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.[19] A 2008 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco indicated that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets, an effect whose magnitude decreases with income per capita. Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United States also invest more in U.S. equity and bond markets.[20]
White House data reported in 2011 found that a total of 5.7 million workers were employed at facilities highly dependent on foreign direct investors. Thus, about 13% of the American manufacturing workforce depended on such investments. The average pay of said jobs was found as around $70,000 per worker, over 30% higher than the average pay across the entire U.S. workforce.[18]
President Barack Obama said in 2012, "In a global economy, the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs and industries of the future. Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people."[18]
In September 2013, the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 (H.R. 2052; 113th Congress), a bill which would direct the United States Department of Commerce to "conduct a review of the global competitiveness of the United States in attracting foreign direct investment."[21] Supporters of the bill argued that increased foreign direct investment would help job creation in the United States.[22]
Canada
Foreign direct investment by country[23] and by industry[24] are tracked by Statistics Canada. Foreign direct investment accounted for CAD$634bn in 2012. Canada eclipses the US in this important economic measure. Global FDI inflows and outflows[25] are tabulated by Statistics Canada.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has a very free market economy and open to foreign investment. The current Prime Minister David Cameron has sought investment from emerging markets and from the Far East in particular and some of Britain's largest infrastructure including energy and skyscrapers such as The Shard have been built with foreign investment. The United Kingdom has been a nation of free trade and open to global markets and investment for decades often taking advantage of countries looking to
make investments.
Source
تردد قناة الوحيدة العربية التي نقلل مباريات كأس العالم 2014
في خبر سار وبشرى للعرب ، تعلن قناة هلا تي
في ، أن تنقل مباريات كاس العالم ، مونديال البرازيل 2014
والذي يبدأ من 12 يونيو حتى 12 يوليو 2014 ، وتبث قناة
هلا تي في على القمر الصناعي نايل سات ، وتذيع المباريات
باللغة العربية .
وتردد قناة هلا تي في على نايل سات على تردد 10972 أفقي
وقالت القناة في اعلان لها : بعد الجهود الحثيثة التي يبذلها
المسئولون على قناة هلا تي في التي يمتلكها أحد اكبر رجال
الاعمال العرب وتخفيفا من القناة عن كاهل المشاهدين
ومحبي وعشاق الساحرة المستديرة ، وهذا هو
اعلان القناة :
فرجة ممتعة
وقفة احتجاجية للمترشحين المقصيين من مسابقة أعوان شبه الطبي بالجلفة
.jpg)
نظّم المترشحون المقصيون من مسابقة "الشبه الطبي -مساعد ممرّض" اليوم الأربعاء وقفة احتجاجية سلمية على خلفية النتائج المعلنة مؤخرا، حيث قاموا برفع شعارات ضد من أسموهم "الحقارين" و "المتاجرين بأحلام الغلابى"، مؤكدين أن المناصب قد تمت "البزنسة بها"...
و في حديث، صرّح بعض الغاضبين عن النتائج أن تعليمة سلال التي تمنح الأولوية لأهل المنطقة في التوظيف قد ضُربت عرض الحائط، مؤكدين أن بلدية "بن يعقوب" مثلا لم يستفد أي أحد من أبنائها، مطالبين في ذات السياق فتح تحقيق معمّق في شهادات الإقامة و الشهادات المدرسية التي تم إيداعها في ملفات الناجحين...
وقد أجمع الشباب المحتج على ضرورة إلغاء القائمة النهائية للناجحين، وكذا إيفاد لجنة تحقيق للوقوف على طريقة عمل اللجنة المكلفة بتصحيح أوراق الإجابة، معلنين إصرارهم على تصعيد الاحتجاج إلى أبعد مدى في حال عدم استجابة السلطات لمطالبهم...
.jpg)
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية الجلفة 2014 وكل الولايات
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية الجلفة 2014
الموضوع متجدد بإذن الله
بسم الله
-------------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية قالمة 2014
من هنا
القائمة الاحتياطية
من هنا
دائرة لخزارة
من هنا
دائرة بوصبع
من هنا
دائرة حمام النباتل
من هنا
دائرة عين احساينة
من هنا
دائرة حمام دباغ
من هنا
دائرة عين مخلوف
من هنا
---------------------------------------
بعض الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية ورقلة 2014
من هنا
-------------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية قالمة 2014
من هنا
القائمة الاحتياطية
من هنا
دائرة لخزارة
من هنا
دائرة بوصبع
من هنا
دائرة حمام النباتل
من هنا
دائرة عين احساينة
من هنا
دائرة حمام دباغ
من هنا
دائرة عين مخلوف
من هنا
---------------------------------------
بعض الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية ورقلة 2014
من هنا
---------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية بسكرة 2014
من هنا
سيدي خالد
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية بسكرة 2014
من هنا
سيدي خالد
من هنا
أو قم بتحميل النتائج على حسب الدوائر بالترتيب كالتالي:
أو قم بتحميل النتائج على حسب الدوائر بالترتيب كالتالي:
دائرة فوغالة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/uq...cd/fougala.rar
دائرة لوطية
http://www.mediafire.com/download/d9...f0p5/lotia.rar
دائرة اورلال
http://www.mediafire.com/download/q5...l7nc/orlal.rar
دائرة جمورة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/tp...i1y/djmora.rar
دائرة القنيطرة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/v3...0j6/gantra.rar
دائرة سيدي عقبة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/mf.../sidi+okba.rar
دائرة سيدي خالد
http://www.mediafire.com/download/1j...idi+khaled.rar
دائرة مشونش
http://www.mediafire.com/download/9w...f/mchnouch.rar
دائرة بسكرة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/tc...7k3/baskra.rar
دائرة طولقة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/fp...sb2/toulga.rar
دائرة اولاد جلال
http://www.mediafire.com/download/m1...lad+djalal.rar
دائرة زريبة الواد
http://www.mediafire.com/download/bc.../zribt+wad.rar
http://www.mediafire.com/download/uq...cd/fougala.rar
دائرة لوطية
http://www.mediafire.com/download/d9...f0p5/lotia.rar
دائرة اورلال
http://www.mediafire.com/download/q5...l7nc/orlal.rar
دائرة جمورة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/tp...i1y/djmora.rar
دائرة القنيطرة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/v3...0j6/gantra.rar
دائرة سيدي عقبة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/mf.../sidi+okba.rar
دائرة سيدي خالد
http://www.mediafire.com/download/1j...idi+khaled.rar
دائرة مشونش
http://www.mediafire.com/download/9w...f/mchnouch.rar
دائرة بسكرة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/tc...7k3/baskra.rar
دائرة طولقة
http://www.mediafire.com/download/fp...sb2/toulga.rar
دائرة اولاد جلال
http://www.mediafire.com/download/m1...lad+djalal.rar
دائرة زريبة الواد
http://www.mediafire.com/download/bc.../zribt+wad.rar
-----------------------------------------------
الجلفـــــــــــــــــــــــة
djelfa
او
عين وســــــــــــــــــارة
ain oussara
او
مسعـــــــــــــــــــــــــد
messed
او
عين الابــــــــــــــــــــــل
ainelibal
او
حد الصحــــــــاري
had sahari
او
سيدي العجــــــــــــــال
sidi ladjal
او
الادريسيــــــــــــــــــــــــة
edrissia
او
حاسي بحبـــــــــــح
hbb
او
فيض البطمــــــــــــــــة
fidelbotma
الشــــــــــــــــــــــــارف
charef
دار الشيــــــــــــــــــــــــوخ
dar elchiok
البيريــــــــــــــــــــــــــــن
berine
او
--------------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية بسكرة 2014
بسم الله
بسكرة
---------------------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية المدية 2014
بسم الله
المدية
---------------------------------------------------
جميع الناجحين في الشبه الطبي لولاية تيارت 2014
بسم الله
تيارت
مع العلم ان
معهد الشبه طبي بالجلفة نشر قائمة الملفات المرفوضة
نشرت اليوم إدارة معهد التكوين الشبه الطبي بالجلفة قائمة الملفات المرفوضة التي تم إيداعها في إطار مسابقة الالتحاق بمنصب مساعد في التمريض وكانت كمايلي :
دائرة الجلفة 304 ملف مرفوض
دائرة عين وسارة 66 ملف
دائرة مسعد 59 ملف
دائرة حاسي بحبح 53 ملف
دائرة عين الإبل 42 ملف
دائرة الشارف 40 ملف
دائرة دار الشيوخ 34 ملف
دائرة الإدريسية 31 ملف
دائرة البيرين 25 ملف
دائرة سيدي العجال 19 ملف
دائرة حد الصحاري 17 ملف
دائرة فيض البطمة 12 ملف
أي 702 ملف من أصل ما يقارب الــ:8000 ملف مودع لدى إدارة المعهد.
وفيما يلي قائمة الملفات المرفوضة من دائة عين وسارة :
شكرا للتبعكم....